Modelling and simulating change in reforesting mountain landscapes using a social-ecological framework

Natural reforestation of European mountain landscapes raises major environmental and societal issues. With local stakeholders in the Pyrenees National Park area (France), we studied agricultural landscape colonisation by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) to enlighten its impacts on biodiversity and other landscape functions of importance for the valley socio-economics. The study comprised an integrated assessment of land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) since the 1950s, and a scenario analysis of alternative future policy. We combined knowledge and methods from landscape ecology, land change and agricultural sciences, and a set of coordinated field studies to capture interactions and feedback in the local landscape/land-use system. Our results elicited the hierarchically-nested relationships between social and ecological processes. Agricultural change played a preeminent role in the spatial and temporal patterns of LUCC. Landscape colonisation by ash at the parcel level of organisation was merely controlled by grassland management, and in fact depended on the farmer's land management at the whole-farm level. LUCC patterns at the landscape level depended to a great extent on interactions between farm household behaviours and the spatial arrangement of landholdings within the landscape mosaic. Our results stressed the need to represent the local SES function at a fine scale to adequately capture scenarios of change in landscape functions. These findings orientated our modelling choices in the building an agent-based model for LUCC simulation (SMASH - Spatialized Multi-Agent System of landscape colonization by ASH). We discuss our method and results with reference to topical issues in interdisciplinary research into the sustainability of multifunctional landscapes

The spatial structure of lithic landscapes : the late holocene record of east-central Argentina as a case study

Fil: Barrientos, Gustavo. División Antropología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Catella, Luciana. División Arqueología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Oliva, Fernando. Centro Estudios Arqueológicos Regionales. Facultad de Humanidades y Artes. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentin

High cycle fatigue damage mechanisms in cast aluminium subject to complex loads

Lien vers la version éditeur: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142112312002356This article is dedicated to the high cycle fatigue behaviour of cast hypo-eutectic Al–Si alloys. In particular, the AlSi7Cu05Mg03 alloy is investigated. It presents the results of a vast experimental campaign undertaken to investigate the fatigue behaviour, and more specifically the fatigue damage mechanisms observed under complex loading conditions: plane bending with different load ratios, fully reversed torsion and equibiaxial bending with a load ratio of R = 0.1. A specific test set-up has been designed to create an equibiaxial stress state using disk shaped specimens. A tomographic analysis is also presented with the aim of characterising the micro-shrinkage pore population of the material. It is shown that two distinct and coexisting fatigue damage mechanisms occur in this material, depending on the presence of different microstructural heterogeneities (i.e. micro-shrinkage pores, Silicon particles in the eutectic zones, Fe-rich intermetallic phases, etc.). Furthermore, it is concluded that the effect of an equibiaxial tensile stress state is not detrimental in terms of high cycle fatigue. It is also shown that the Dang Van criterion is not able to simultaneously predict the multiaxial effect (i.e. torsion and equibiaxial tension) and the mean stress effect for this material

Models of raw material exploitation as an indicator of Middle Paleolithic Mobility : case studies from uplands of Northern Central Europe

Short-term settlement of Middle Paleolithic hunters leaves a specific toolkit on an archaeological site. In spite of this well-known fact, in some cases, concerning the duration of stay of groups of Neanderthals, mere techno-typological analysis of lithic assemblages seems insufficient. Analysis of raw material exploitation, combined with information about long use, or reworking of certain artifacts appears to be helpful. On most sites from the Middle Paleolithic, archaeological data concerning the raw material procurement shows that it generally had a local character. However, on a range of sites known from uplands of Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, artifacts prepared of raw material transported from distant outcrops can be found. Such artifacts are usually reworked, showing traces of their long use and value for prehistoric people. It can be assumed that there exists a link between the settlement duration and the knowledge about the explored area, which can be observed in some lithic assemblages. Situation, where a large variability of regional raw material is represented on a site, can be treated as an indicator of stable settlement, while varied exotic raw materials’ presence documents an increase in group mobility

Herança e gênero entre agricultores familiares Inheritance and Gender Identity Among Brazilian Farming Families

Entender as lógicas de transmissão do patrimônio familiar, particularmente no caso da terra, levando-se conta as diferenças de gênero, exige identificar os distintos papéis reservados ao homem e à mulher na dinâmica de reprodução social. A compreensão de tais lógicas distintas requer que investiguemos os diferentes signficados do patimônio territorial em cada contexto social e cultural. Embora a herança seja baseada na noção de consanguinidade, as regras costumeiras não reconhecem os mesmos direitos para todos os filhos. É precisamente sobre essas diferenças de que trataremos nesse artigo, particularmente no que se diz respeito às distintas práticas derivadas das identidades de gênero. Buscar-se-á entender a lógica das diferentes formas de transmitir a herança e sua relação com a reprodução social de famílias de agricultores familiares em duas regiões distintas: no municipio de Nova Pádua, na região de influência de Caxias do Sul, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e na região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro, município de Nova Friburgo<br>To understand the rules by which family estates are transmitted among farming families, particularly in the case of land and taking into account gender differences, it is necessary to identify the distinct roles reserved to men and women in the dynamics of social reproduction. The understanding of these distinct logics requires the investigation of the different meanings that the territorial patrimony itself has in each social and cultural context. Although inheritance is based on the notion of shared blood, common law rules do not recognize the same rights for all children. It is precisely these differences that we will deal with in this article, particularly in respect to those differences derived from gender identity. We will be seeking to understand the logic of different forms of transmitting inheritances and their relationship with the social reproduction of farming families in two different regions: in southern Brazil (state of Rio Grande do Sul), among descendants of Italian colonists, and in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, among descendants of Swiss and German colonists

Investigation of the splitting of quark and gluon jets

The splitting processes in identified quark and gluon jets are investigated using longitudinal and transverse observables. The jets are selected from symmetric three-jet events measured in Z decays with the DELPHI detector in 1991-1994. Gluon jets are identified using heavy quark anti-tagging. Scaling violations in identified gluon jets are observed for the first time. The scale energy dependence of the gluon fragmentation function is found to be about two times larger than for the corresponding quark jets, consistent with the QCD expectation CA/CF. The primary splitting of gluons and quarks into subjets agrees with fragmentation models and, for specific regions of the jet resolution y, with NLLA calculations. The maximum of the ratio of the primary subjet splittings in quark and gluon jets is 2.77 ± 0.11 ± 0.10. Due to non-perturbative effects, the data are below the expectation at small y. The transition from the perturbative to the non-perturbative domain appears at smaller y for quark jets than for gluon jets. Combined with the observed behaviour of the higher rank splittings, this explains the relatively small multiplicity ratio between gluon and quark jets